Masatoshi Nakayama
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was an internationally famous Japanese
master Master or masters may refer to: Ranks or titles * Ascended master, a term used in the Theosophical religious tradition to refer to spiritually enlightened beings who in past incarnations were ordinary humans *Grandmaster (chess), National Master ...
of
Shotokan is a style of karate, developed from various martial arts by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957) and his son Gigo (Yoshitaka) Funakoshi (1906–1945). Gichin Funakoshi was born in Okinawa and is widely credited with popularizing "karate do" throu ...
karate (; ; Okinawan language, Okinawan pronunciation: ) is a martial arts, martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the Okinawan martial arts, indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called , "hand"; ''tii'' in Okinawan) under the ...
.Japan Karate Association: Master Nakayama Masatoshi
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.
Retrieved on February 13, 2010. He helped establish the
Japan Karate Association Japan Karate Association (日本 空手 協会; ''Nihon Karate Kyokai''; JKA; sometimes referred to simply as ''Kyokai'' 協会 in Japan) is one of the oldest global Shotokan karate organization in the world. Origins Gichin Funakoshi played a ...
(JKA) in 1949,Evans, J. K. (1988): "The battle for Olympic Karate recognition: WUKO vs. IAKF." ''Black Belt'', 26(2):54–58. and wrote many textbooks on karate, which served to popularize his
martial art Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defense; military and law enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preserv ...
. For almost 40 years, until his death in 1987, Nakayama worked to spread Shotokan karate around the world. He was the first master in Shotokan history to attain the rank of 9th ''
dan Dan or DAN may refer to: People * Dan (name), including a list of people with the name ** Dan (king), several kings of Denmark * Dan people, an ethnic group located in West Africa **Dan language, a Mande language spoken primarily in Côte d'Ivoi ...
'' while alive, and was posthumously awarded the rank of 10th ''dan''.


Early life

Nakayama was born on April 13, 1913,The Shotokan Way: Masatoshi Nakayama profile
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.
Retrieved on February 13, 2010. in the
Yamaguchi prefecture is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Yamaguchi Prefecture has a population of 1,377,631 (1 February 2018) and has a geographic area of 6,112 Square kilometre, km2 (2,359 Square mile, sq mi). Y ...
of Japan. He was descended from the
Sanada clan The is a Japanese clan. Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003).html" ;"title="DF 56 of 80">("Sanada," ''Nobiliare du Japon'', p. 52 DF_56_of_80">("S_...
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, who were known as kenjutsu instructors, from the Nagano Prefecture">Nagano region. Nakayama's grandfather was Naomichi Nakayama, a surgeon in Tokyo, who had also been the last of the family to teach kenjutsu.Washington DC Shotokan Karate Club: Masatoshi Nakayama
Retrieved on February 13, 2010. Nakayama's father was Naomichi Nakayama, an army physician and a ''
judoka is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally.『日本大百科全書』電子版【柔道】(CD-ROM version of Encyclopedia Nipponica, "Judo"). ...
'' (practitioner of
judo is an unarmed gendai budō, modern Japanese martial art, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally.『日本大百科全書』電子版【柔道】(CD-ROM version of Encyclopedia Nipponi ...
). His father was assigned to Taipei, so Nakayama spent some of his formative years there. Apart from his academic studies, he participated in
kendo is a modern Japanese martial art, descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts, swordsmanship), that uses bamboo swords (shinai) as well as protective armor (bōgu). Today, it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread ...
, skiing, swimming, tennis, and track running. Nakayama entered
Takushoku University Takushoku University (拓殖 大学; ''Takushoku Daigaku'', abbreviated as 拓大 ''Takudai'') is a private university in Tokyo, Japan. It was founded in 1900 by Duke Taro Katsura (1848–1913).
in 1932 to study Chinese language, and began learning karate under
Gichin Funakoshi was a japanese martial artist who is regarded as the founder of Shotakan karate, perhaps the most widely known style of karate, and is known as a "father of modern karate". Following the teachings of Anko Itosu and Anko Asato,Funakoshi, Gichi ...
and his son Yoshitaka (also known as Gigō). He had originally planned to continue his training in kendo, but misread the schedule and arrived at karate training instead—and, interested by what he saw, ended up joining that martial art group. Nakayama graduated from Takushoku University in 1937. That same year, he travelled to China as a military interpreter during the
Japanese occupation of China The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific The ...
. By the time World War II began, Nakayama had attained the rank of 2nd ''dan''.Zalewski, P. (2005)
The Japanese evolution of Karate rank
(extract). Retrieved on February 14, 2010. Nakayama returned to Japan in May 1946, after the war.


Japan Karate Association

In May 1949, Nakayama,
Isao Obata was a pioneering Japanese master of Shotokan karate.Blair, R. L. (1972): "Karate is dying, says Isao Obata, disciple of the venerable Gichin Funakoshi, Founder of Modern Karate." ''Black Belt'', 10(10):27–33. He was a senior student of Gichin F ...
, and other colleagues helped establish the
Japan Karate Association Japan Karate Association (日本 空手 協会; ''Nihon Karate Kyokai''; JKA; sometimes referred to simply as ''Kyokai'' 協会 in Japan) is one of the oldest global Shotokan karate organization in the world. Origins Gichin Funakoshi played a ...
(JKA). Funakoshi was the formal head of the organization, with Nakayama appointed as Chief Instructor as he was the only one without a job and they needed someone to open and close the dojo during the day. By 1951, Nakayama had been promoted to 3rd ''dan'', and he held the rank of 5th ''dan'' by 1955. In 1956, working with
Teruyuki Okazaki Teruyuki Okazaki (岡崎 照幸, June 22, 1931 – April 21, 2020), was a tenth degree black belt in Shotokan Karate, as well as the founder and chief instructor of the International Shotokan Karate Federation ( ISKF). Along with Gichin Funakos ...
, he restructured the Shotokan karate training program to follow both traditional karate and methods developed in modern sports sciences. In 1961, Nakayama was promoted to 8th ''dan''—a remarkable progression, in part made possible by the consensus-based system of higher ''dan'' promotion in Japan at the time, according to Pat Zalewski. Nakayama established ''
kata ''Kata'' is a Japanese word ( 型 or 形) meaning "form". It refers to a detailed choreographed pattern of martial arts movements made to be practised alone. It can also be reviewed within groups and in unison when training. It is practised ...
'' (patterns) and ''
kumite Kumite ( ja, 組手, literally "grappling hands") is one of the three main sections of karate training, along with kata and kihon. Kumite is the part of karate in which a person trains against an adversary. Kumite can be used to develop a partic ...
'' (sparring) as tournament disciplines. Students of the large JKA ''
dojo A is a hall or place for immersive learning or meditation. This is traditionally in the field of martial arts, but has been seen increasingly in other fields, such as meditation and software development. The term literally means "place of the ...
'' (training halls) subsequently achieved an unmatched series of tournament successes in the 1950s and 1960s. Nakayama is widely known for having worked to spread Shotokan karate throughout the world.Rosenthal, J. (1987): "Editorial: Nakayama's death ushers in new era for Karate." ''Black Belt'', 25(8):6.International Shotokan Karate Federation: History of ISKF
Retrieved on February 14, 2010.
Retrieved on February 14, 2010.
Retrieved on February 14, 2010. Together with other senior instructors, he formed the JKA instructor trainee program. Many of this program's graduates were sent throughout the world to form new Shotokan subgroups and increase membership. Nakayama also held positions in the Physical Education department of Takushoku University, beginning in 1952, and eventually becoming head of that department. He also headed the ski team at the university.


Later life

In 1972, Nakayama, with some help from one of his students,
Hirokazu Kanazawa was a Japanese master of Shotokan karate.Goodman, F. (2004): ''The practical encyclopedia of martial arts'' (p. 50). London: Lorenz Books. ()Smit, S. (2008): ''Karate'' (2nd ed.) (p. 21). London: New Holland. ()
, set up a personal ''dojo'' in the basement of his apartment building, naming it "Hoitsugan."Hoitsugan: Dojo, Book, Way of Life
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.Cheetham, J. (1998)
Editorial
''Shotokan Karate Magazine'', 54(1) (February 1998). Retrieved on February 14, 2010.
Retrieved on February 14, 2010. This ''dojo'' is located in
Ebisu, Tokyo is major district of Shibuya-ku in Tokyo, Japan. It was developed on the site of a former brewery and is now home to Yebisu Garden Place. It has a high concentration of bars and restaurants. Geography and transportation Ebisu is a majo ...
, a short distance from where the JKA ''honbu'' (headquarters) ''dojo'' was located. Karate students from outside Japan lived in the dormitory rooms and trained in this ''dojo'' from the early 1970s. After rapid promotion through the ranks in the 1950s, Nakayama still held the rank of 8th ''dan'' in 1974.Marr, J. G. (2008)
The history of Japan Karate Association and Midwest Karate in Canada
Retrieved on January 16, 2010. He was promoted to 9th ''dan'' in the 1980s, becoming the first Shotokan master to be awarded this rank while still living. Nakayama continued teaching Shotokan karate until his death on April 15, 1987, in Tokyo, Japan.
Retrieved on February 14, 2010.Kanazawa, H. (2006): ''Black Belt Karate: The intensive course'' (p. 13). Tokyo: Kodansha. () (Originally published in 1978 in Japanese, as ''Karate: Rokushūkan de Tsuyokunaru''.)
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.


Legacy

Nakayama wrote many books on karate, including the 11-volume ''Best Karate'' series. He also had many video productions credited to him. Nakayama's books include: ''Practical Karate: A guide to everyman's self-defense'' (1963, co-authored),Nakayama, M., & Draeger, D. F. (1963): ''Practical Karate: A guide to everyman's self-defense''. Tokyo: Tuttle. ''Practical Karate: Defense against an unarmed assailant'' (1963, co-authored),Nakayama, M., & Draeger, D. F. (1963): ''Practical Karate: Defense against an unarmed assailant''. Tokyo: Tuttle. () ''Best Karate: Comprehensive'' (1977),Nakayama, M. (1977): ''Best Karate: Comprehensive''. Tokyo: Kodansha. () and ''Dynamic Karate'' (1986).Nakayama, M. (1986): ''Dynamic Karate'' (translated by J. Teramoto and H. Kauz). Tokyo: Kodansha. (; original edition 1966.) Martial arts scholar
Donn Draeger Donald Frederick "Donn" Draeger (April 15, 1922 – October 20, 1982) was an internationally known teacher and practitioner of Japanese martial arts. He was the author of several important books on Asian martial arts,Modern Bujutsu & Budo: M ...
was one of Nakayama's well-known co-authors. After Nakayama's death in 1987, the JKA divided into two factions, which subsequently led to a further splintering within the organization. Many senior JKA instructors left to form their own associations, which include the International Shotokan Karate Federation (Teruyuki Okazaki), Japan Karate Shotokai (
Tetsuhiko Asai was a prominent Japanese master of Shotokan karate of the Japan Karate Association (JKA), founder and Chief Instructor of the International Japan Martial Arts Karate Asai-ryu (IJKA), and founder of the Japan Karate Shoto Federation (JKS; formerl ...
), Japan Shotokan Karate Association (
Keigo Abe was a prominent Japanese master of Shotokan karate who founded the Japan Shotokan Karate Association in 1999 and is its Chief Instructor.Mikio Yahara Mikio Yahara (; born April 4, 1947 in Ehime Prefecture) is a Japanese karate expert of the Shotokan style. He holds the rank of 10th dan. Biography Yahara was born in 1947 in Ehime Prefecture, the fourth son of a prominent family with ancient sa ...
).


Publications

* * * * * * * * * * * * *


See also

*
List of Shotokan organizations This is a list of some of the larger Shotokan karate organizations and associations in order by year of establishment. International Japan Karate-Do Association lead by Shihan Sadasige Kato. Its headquarters is situated in Tokyo, Japan, though i ...


Notes

a. All sources agree that Nakayama was born in April 1913 and died in April 1987. Most state that he was born on April 13 and died on April 15, but some give his birth date as April 6Sendai Karate Club: Masatoshi Nakayama
Retrieved on February 13, 2010. or April 15, and some give his death date as April 14.
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.Japan Karate Shotokai South Africa
Retrieved on February 13, 2010.


References


External links


Japan Karate Association


{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakayama, Masatoshi 1913 births 1987 deaths Japanese male karateka Karate coaches Martial arts school founders Martial arts writers People from Tokyo Sportspeople from Yamaguchi Prefecture Shotokan practitioners 20th-century philanthropists